An examination of language transfer phenomena in Nigerian bilingual households: A case study among Tiv families
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Background of the Study
Language transfer phenomena refer to the influence of a person’s first language on the acquisition and use of a second language. In Nigerian bilingual households, especially among Tiv families, this phenomenon plays a crucial role in shaping linguistic competence. Cultural traditions and daily communication practices significantly influence the way languages interact within these households (Igbinedion, 2023). Research has shown that language transfer can lead to both positive outcomes—such as enhanced metalinguistic awareness—and negative effects, including interference in pronunciation, syntax, and vocabulary (Nnadi, 2024). Tiv families, immersed in rich cultural practices, provide a unique context where the boundaries between the native language and a second language often blur. The constant interplay creates a dynamic linguistic environment that can either support or hinder balanced bilingual development. This study seeks to examine the underlying patterns and consequences of language transfer in Tiv households. By exploring factors such as parental language preferences, community norms, and intergenerational transmission, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how language transfer manifests and affects overall language proficiency. Such insights are critical for informing educational interventions and language policy reforms that promote effective bilingualism in Nigeria (Olumide, 2025).
Statement of the Problem
Despite its significance, language transfer in Nigerian bilingual households remains underexplored, particularly among Tiv families. The ambiguous role of transfer—balancing between facilitating learning and causing interference—poses challenges for both educators and parents (Igbinedion, 2023). In many cases, inconsistent language use at home leads to gaps in linguistic competence, creating difficulties in formal education settings. Parents may unintentionally reinforce errors or irregular language patterns due to overlapping linguistic systems (Nnadi, 2024). This lack of clarity in language transfer mechanisms has resulted in ineffective communication strategies and educational practices, necessitating a systematic investigation to elucidate the contributing factors and their effects on overall language proficiency (Olumide, 2025).
Objectives of the Study:
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To examine the patterns of language transfer in Tiv households.
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To analyze the influence of cultural and contextual factors on language transfer.
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To suggest strategies for mitigating negative transfer effects and promoting balanced bilingualism.
Research Questions:
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What are the common patterns of language transfer in Tiv families?
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How does language transfer affect overall language proficiency?
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What socio-cultural factors contribute to language transfer phenomena in these households?
Significance of the Study
The study is significant as it clarifies the role of language transfer in bilingual development within Tiv families. Its findings will help educators and parents understand and manage the impact of transfer on language proficiency. The research contributes to improved pedagogical strategies and policy reforms that support balanced bilingualism in Nigerian households (Igbinedion, 2023; Nnadi, 2024).
Scope and Limitations of the Study:
The study is limited to investigating language transfer phenomena in Tiv families in Nigerian bilingual households.
Definitions of Terms:
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Language transfer: The influence of one’s native language on acquiring or using a second language.
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Bilingual households: Families where more than one language is used regularly.
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Tiv families: Families belonging to the Tiv ethnic group in Nigeria.
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